Tag: Bipolar

Largest Genetic Study of Bipolar Disorder Identifies 298 Regions of the Genome That Increase Risk for the Condition
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January 22 at 11:00 AM EST
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Largest Genetic Study of Bipolar Disorder Identifies 298 Regions of the Genome That Increase Risk for the Condition
Findings represent a four-fold increase over the last genome-wide association study conducted by an international consortium of leading psychiatric researchers

Newswise — In the largest genome-wide study of bipolar disorder to date, an international team of psychiatric genetics researchers has identified 298 regions of the genome containing DNA variations that increase risk for the disorder—a more than four-fold increase over the number previously identified, according to research published in Nature [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08468-9] on Wednesday, January 22.

The study—the first large multi-ancestry genomic analysis of the disorder to include data from people of European, East Asian, African American, and Latino ancestries—also identifies a new region associated with an increased risk for the disorder within the East Asian samples. Cross-referencing a range of methods, including fine-mapping and other variant-to-gene-mapping approaches, the team identified 36 genes suspected to be relevant to bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is an often lifelong mood disorder that impairs quality of life and functional ability, and is associated with suicidality. It affects an estimated 40-50 million people worldwide. Bipolar disorder is clinically heterogeneous, encompassing distinct subtypes 1 and 2. Bipolar disorder type 1 is characterized by episodes of both mania and depression, while bipolar disorder type 2 includes episodes of hypomania (a less severe form of mania) and depression. Despite the prevalence of bipolar disorder, it can take an average of eight years to get a proper diagnosis, and much remains unknown about the biology of the condition.

To help elucidate bipolar disorder’s underlying biology, an international team of scientists from within the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium conducted a genome-wide association study, scanning the DNA of 2.9 million study participants from cohorts worldwide to identify genetic markers that were more common in those with the condition. This involved scanning more than 6.7 million common variations in the DNA sequences among the study participants, more than 158,000 of whom experience bipolar disorder.

“It is well established that bipolar disorder has a substantial genetic basis, so identifying DNA variations that increase risk is of paramount importance to understanding the condition’s genetic architecture. In addition to identifying 298 regions of the genome that contain variations that increase risk for bipolar disorder, the 36 key genes we identified as being linked to the condition can now be followed up in a range of experiments to uncover the biological mechanisms through which each relates to the disorder,” says Niamh Mullins, PhD, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and one of the senior authors of the paper. “The newly identified genes may also be used in experiments to explore new drug targets and drug development for bipolar disorder.”

The study team also found differences in the genetic characteristics of bipolar disorder between clinical (patients recruited from hospital inpatient or outpatient units), community-based (participants in general population biobanks), and self-reporting (participants in online personal health surveys) participants. These genetic differences are likely to be driven by a higher prevalence of bipolar subtype 1 in the clinical samples versus a higher prevalence of bipolar subtype 2 in the self-reporting samples, which highlights the need for researchers to be mindful of the data-gathering strategies used within their studies of the condition.

According to the research team, the genetic signal of bipolar disorder is related to specific brain cell types, including GABAergic interneurons and medium spiny neurons, in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. They also found that cells in the intestine and pancreas are involved, although more research is necessary to further understand this biology.

“Although this work does not immediately impact patient care, it opens the possibilities for long-term positive impact for patients and their families who are impacted by this widespread disorder,” said Ole Andreassen, MD, PhD, Professor of Psychiatry at the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Oslo University Hospital, and senior author of the paper. “Our research paves the way for the development of improved treatments, earlier interventions, and precision medicine approaches that will support clinicians in their decision-making to enable them to manage the condition in the most effective way for each patient.”

The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) is an international consortium of scientists dedicated to studying the genetic basis of psychiatric disorders and includes more than 1,700 researchers from over 65 countries.

”This research would not have been possible without the collaborative efforts of scientists worldwide that enabled the study of hundreds of thousands of DNA sequences,” said Kevin O’Connell, PhD, researcher at the University of Oslo and first author of the paper.

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A groundbreaking study has revealed new insights into the genetic factors underlying bipolar disorder, a complex and often debilitating mental health condition. The largest genetic study of bipolar disorder to date has identified 298 regions of the genome that increase the risk for developing the disorder.

Researchers from around the world analyzed genetic data from over 40,000 individuals with bipolar disorder and more than 60,000 controls without the condition. By comparing the genetic profiles of these two groups, the researchers were able to pinpoint specific regions of the genome that are associated with an increased risk for bipolar disorder.

The study, published in the journal Nature Genetics, sheds light on the genetic architecture of bipolar disorder and provides valuable information that could help researchers better understand the underlying mechanisms of the condition. By identifying these genetic risk factors, researchers hope to develop more targeted and effective treatments for individuals with bipolar disorder.

This groundbreaking study represents a major step forward in our understanding of the genetic basis of bipolar disorder. By identifying these 298 regions of the genome that increase the risk for the condition, researchers are paving the way for new discoveries and potential breakthroughs in the treatment of this complex disorder.

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January 23, 2025
Researchers identify 36 genes related to the onset and development of bipolar disorder
The study was led by the Bipolar Disorder Working Group at the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, an international group made up of more than 800 researchers from 40 countries in which professionals from IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic and Hospital Vall d’Hebron participate, all of them researchers from CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM).

A disorder with a high genetic component

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental disorder that affects between 40 and 50 million people worldwide and is characterised by the alternation of depressive episodes and episodes of mania or hypomania (euphoric or irritable moods). It can have a profound impact on daily life if not treated properly and poses a significant public health problem.

It has a substantial genetic basis, with an estimated heritability of between 60% and 80%. However, identifying the specific genes involved in this disorder has been a great challenge due to its complexity, as it combines genetic and environmental factors.

Genetic characterisation of bipolar disorder

The international group conducted a meta-analysis of several genome-wide association studies, combining their results to more accurately identify the genetic variants associated with a disease or a trait. In total, more than 158,000 patients with bipolar disorder and 2.8 million people without the disorder were included and the genes of the two groups were compared to decipher the existing differences. The most important feature is that people from all six inhabitable continents were included for the first time.

The study identified 337 variants of genome-wide significance (GWS) that are mutually independent and grouped into 298 specific regions of the genome (loci). This identification is four times larger than that of any previous study. These genetic variants are related to the causes of the disorder, as well as to brain plasticity and signal transmission.

By combining the results of advanced genetic mapping techniques, like fine-mapping and other strategies to link genetic variants with specific genes, the researchers identified 36 reliable genes related to the causes or development of bipolar disorder.

The researchers also found genetic differences, depending on the patients’ subtype of bipolar disorder. For instance, they found a greater genetic relationship with schizophrenia in the cohorts with a large proportion of patients with type 1 bipolar disorder. In the cohort with more cases of patients with type 2 bipolar disorder, they detected a greater genetic correlation with major depressive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

‘With this study, we have taken a big step forward to better understand how this disorder functions and what causes it. Given a little more time, we also hope to develop new and better treatments for it’, says Dr Eduard Vieta, the head of Hospital Clínic’s Psychiatry Service and of the IDIBAPS research group Bipolar and depressive disorders.

Study reference:

Characterising the genetic landscape of bipolar disorder yields novel biological insights. Nature. DOI: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08468-9

Researchers have recently made a breakthrough in understanding bipolar disorder by identifying 36 genes that are related to the onset and development of the disorder. This discovery sheds light on the complex genetic factors that contribute to bipolar disorder and may lead to new avenues for treatment and management.

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, ranging from manic episodes of high energy and euphoria to depressive episodes of sadness and hopelessness. It affects millions of people worldwide and can have a significant impact on daily functioning and quality of life.

By pinpointing these 36 genes, researchers have taken a crucial step towards unraveling the genetic basis of bipolar disorder. Understanding the role of these genes in the development of the disorder could help identify individuals at risk, improve early detection, and ultimately lead to more targeted and effective treatments.

This groundbreaking research opens up new possibilities for personalized medicine and precision psychiatry in the treatment of bipolar disorder. As scientists continue to delve deeper into the genetic underpinnings of mental health conditions, we are one step closer to developing more tailored and effective interventions for those living with bipolar disorder.

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January 23, 2025
Genomics yields biological and phenotypic insights into bipolar disorder
Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Kevin S. O’Connell, Elise Koch, Nadine Parker, Oleksandr Frei, Alexey Shadrin, Olav B. Smeland, Markos Tesfaye, Martin Tesli, Ingrid Melle & Ole A. Andreassen
Center for Precision Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Kevin S. O’Connell, Elise Koch, Nadine Parker, Ole Kristian Drange, Alexey Shadrin, Olav B. Smeland, Markos Tesfaye, Martin Tesli & Ole A. Andreassen
Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Maria Koromina, Jaroslav Bendl, Tereza Clarence, John F. Fullard, Jessica S. Johnson, Dolores Malaspina, Laura G. Sloofman, René S. Kahn, Panos Roussos, Eli A. Stahl & Niamh Mullins
Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Maria Koromina & Niamh Mullins
Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Maria Koromina, Jaroslav Bendl, Tereza Clarence, John F. Fullard, Jessica S. Johnson, Dolores Malaspina, Laura G. Sloofman, Panos Roussos, Eli A. Stahl & Niamh Mullins
Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK

Tracey van der Veen, Nicholas Bass, Andrew McQuillin & Tracey van der Veen
Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Toni Boltz & Roel A. Ophoff
Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Friederike S. David, Eva C. Beins, Isabelle Claus, Franziska Degenhardt, Stefan Herms, Per Hoffmann, Eva C. Schulte, Lisa Sindermann, Sven Cichon, Markus M. Nöthen & Andreas J. Forstner
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

Friederike S. David, Frederike Stein & Tilo Kircher
Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

Jessica Mei Kay Yang, Valentina Escott-Price, Liz Forty, Peter A. Holmans, Antonio F. Pardiñas, James T. R. Walters, Nicholas Craddock, Ian Jones, George Kirov, Michael C. O’Donovan, Michael J. Owen & Arianna Di Florio
23andMe Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA

Keng-Han Lin & Xin Wang
Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, UK

Jonathan R. I. Coleman, Gerome Breen & Panagiotis Ferentinos
NIHR Maudsley BRC, King’s College London, London, UK

Jonathan R. I. Coleman & Gerome Breen
Mental Health and Neuroscience, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Brittany L. Mitchell, Penelope A. Lind, Jackson G. Thorp & Sarah E. Medland
School of Biomedical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Brittany L. Mitchell & Penelope A. Lind
New York University, New York, NY, USA

Caroline C. McGrouther & Aaditya V. Rangan
Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA

Aaditya V. Rangan
School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Penelope A. Lind
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Arvid Harder, Dennis Hellgren, Mikael Landén & Patrick F. Sullivan
Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Jaroslav Bendl, Tereza Clarence, John F. Fullard & Panos Roussos
Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

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Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark

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Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain

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Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d’Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

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Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

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iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

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National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Attikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece

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PsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

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VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA

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Institute for Genomics in Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA

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Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA

Tim B. Bigdeli
Psychiatry, Brain Center UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Research and Communication Unit for Musculoskeletal Health, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway

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Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

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Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

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Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

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School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

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Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia

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Fundació Privada d’Investigació Sant Pau (FISP), Barcelona, Spain

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Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Department of Quantitative Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

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Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Elizabeth C. Corfield & Alexandra Havdahl
Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Elizabeth C. Corfield
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico

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Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

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Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology, and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

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Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

Franziska Degenhardt
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

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Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway

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Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Department of Psychiatry, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway

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Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA

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Carl T. Hayden Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Ayman H. Fanous
Banner-University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA

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Academic Psychiatry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

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Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

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Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

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Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK

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Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

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Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany

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Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan

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Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan

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Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan

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Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

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Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA

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ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain

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Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

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Translational Psychiatry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, UK

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Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

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Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA

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Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

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Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Wolfgang Maier & Eva C. Schulte
Research/Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA

Adam X. Maihofer & Caroline M. Nievergelt
Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

Mirko Manchia
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Attikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece

Eirini Maratou & Paraskevi Moutsatsou
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Lina Martinsson & Tomas Olsson
Centre for Psychiatry Research, SLSO Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden

Lina Martinsson
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Manuel Mattheisen
Human and Systems Genetics Working Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Nathaniel W. McGregor
Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Melvin G. McInnis
Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

James D. McKay
Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA

Helena Medeiros
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg & Fabian Streit
German Centre for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Mannheim-Heidelberg-Ulm, Mannheim, Germany

Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Vincent Millischer
Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Vincent Millischer
Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland

Derek W. Morris
Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany

Thomas W. Mühleisen, Sven Cichon & Andreas J. Forstner
Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Catherine M. Olsen & David C. Whiteman
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

Georgia Panagiotaropoulou & Stephan Ripke
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

Claudia Pisanu & Alessio Squassina
Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK

Digby Quested
Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK

Digby Quested
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

Mark H. Rapaport
Outpatient Clinic for Bipolar Disorder, Altrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Eline J. Regeer
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA

John P. Rice
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

Margarita Rivera
Institute of Neurosciences ‘Federico Olóriz’, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain

Margarita Rivera
Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain

Margarita Rivera
KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Alexey Shadrin
Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Dan Siskind & Dan Siskind
Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Daniel J. Smith
Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Janet L. Sobell
Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Maria Soler Artigas & Marta Ribasés
SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Dan J. Stein
Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

Mei-Hsin Su
Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Heejong Sung & Francis J. McMahon
Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland

Beata Świątkowska
Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Martin Tesli
deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland

Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson, Hreinn Stefansson & Kari Stefansson
Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Claudio Toma, Janice M. Fullerton, Melissa J. Green, Peter R. Schofield, Cynthia S. Weickert & Thomas W. Weickert
Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Claudio Toma, Vaughan J. Carr, Melissa J. Green, Philip B. Mitchell, Cynthia S. Weickert & Thomas W. Weickert
Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CSIC, Madrid, Spain

Claudio Toma
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Leonardo Tondo
School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

Paul A. Tooney
Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

Shih-Jen Tsai
Division of Psychiatry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

Shih-Jen Tsai
Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Marquis P. Vawter
Psychiatry, Psychiatrisches Zentrum Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany

Helmut Vedder
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children Hospital, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Annabel Vreeker
Department of Psychology Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Annabel Vreeker
Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Bendik S. Winsvold & John-Anker Zwart
Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Bendik S. Winsvold
Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Hong-Hee Won
Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK

Allan H. Young
South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Kent, UK

Allan H. Young
Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden

Rolf Adolfsson
National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic

Martin Alda
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Lars Alfredsson
Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

Bernhard T. Baune
Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Bernhard T. Baune
The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Bernhard T. Baune & Christos Pantelis
Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, UMRS-1144, Paris, France

Frank Bellivier & Bruno Etain
APHP Nord, DMU Neurosciences, GHU Saint Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, France

Frank Bellivier & Bruno Etain
Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Wade H. Berrettini
Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Michael Boehnke & Laura J. Scott
University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Stanley Catts
Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Aiden Corvin
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece

Dimitris Dikeos
School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Janice M. Fullerton & Peter R. Schofield
Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Elliot S. Gershon
Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania

Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

Joanna Hauser & Joanna M. Pawlak
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

Frans A. Henskens
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Jens Hjerling-Leffler
HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Kristian Hveem
Department of Public Health and Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Po-Hsiu Kuo
Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA

Qingqin S. Li
JRD Data Science, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA

Qingqin S. Li
Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

Jolanta Lissowska
SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Christine Lochner
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

Carmel Loughland
Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Jurjen J. Luykx
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Jurjen J. Luykx
School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Nicholas G. Martin & Sarah E. Medland
Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Carol A. Mathews
Research Institute, Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, OH, USA

Susan L. McElroy
School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Sarah E. Medland
Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway

Ingrid Melle
Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway

Gunnar Morken
Psychiatry, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

Gunnar Morken
Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Risskov, Denmark

Ole Mors
NCRR and CIRRAU, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Preben Bo Mortensen
Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany

Bertram Müller-Myhsok
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

Bertram Müller-Myhsok
HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA

Richard M. Myers
Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA

Benjamin M. Neale & Eli A. Stahl
Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Merete Nordentoft
Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

John I. Nurnberger
Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland Universitetssjukehus, Bergen, Norway

Ketil J. Oedegaard
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Ketil J. Oedegaard
Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden

Tomas Olsson
Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA

Sara A. Paciga
Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Christos Pantelis
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MIPS), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Christos Pantelis
Rutgers Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA

Carlos N. Pato & Michele T. Pato
University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Patras, Greece

George P. Patrinos
Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates

George P. Patrinos
Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates

George P. Patrinos
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Clinical Bioinformatics Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

George P. Patrinos
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada

Guy A. Rouleau
Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada

Guy A. Rouleau
Center for Precision Medicine and Translational Therapeutics, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA

Panos Roussos
Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

Ulrich Schall
Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambtion Heights, New South Wales, Australia

Ulrich Schall
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

Thomas G. Schulze
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA

Thomas G. Schulze
The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

Rodney J. Scott
Cancer Detection and Therapies Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

Rodney J. Scott
Department of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy

Alessandro Serretti
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Alessandro Serretti
Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy

Alessandro Serretti
Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Jordan W. Smoller
Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Jordan W. Smoller
Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

Kari Stefansson
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Namsos, Namsos, Norway

Eystein Stordal
Department of Neuroscience, Norges Teknisk Naturvitenskapelige Universitet Fakultet for naturvitenskap og teknologi, Trondheim, Norway

Eystein Stordal
Hector Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

Fabian Streit
Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Patrick F. Sullivan
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Patrick F. Sullivan & Arianna Di Florio
Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada

Gustavo Turecki
Department of Psychiatry, Sankt Olavs Hospital Universitetssykehuset i Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway

Arne E. Vaaler
Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain

Eduard Vieta
Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Irwin D. Waldman
Department of Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA

Cynthia S. Weickert & Thomas W. Weickert
Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Thomas Werge
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Thomas Werge
Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Thomas Werge
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Howard J. Edenberg
Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Howard J. Edenberg
Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

Andreas J. Forstner
Genoplan RnD Division, Genoplan Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Byung-Chul Lee, Ji-Woong Kim, Young Kee Lee, Joon Ho Kang, Myeong Jae Cheon & Dong Jun Kim
Genoplan RnD Division, Genoplan Japan, Fukuoka, Japan

Byung-Chul Lee, Ji-Woong Kim, Young Kee Lee, Joon Ho Kang, Myeong Jae Cheon & Dong Jun Kim
Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA

Mihaela Aslan
Bruce W. Carter Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA

Philip D. Harvey
Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA

Grant D. Huang

The management group for this paper was led by O.A.A. The management group comprised a subset of authors responsible for the study design, conduct, primary and final interpretation, and included A.M., A.J.F., N.M., A.D.F., R.A.O., H.J.E., K.S.O. and O.A.A; this group was also responsible for primary drafting and editing of the manuscript. The analytical team, led by K.S.O., was responsible for the main analyses presented in the paper, and included M. Koromina, T.v.d.V., T.B., F.S.D., J.M.K.Y., K.-H.L., X.W., J.R.I.C., B.L.M., C.C.M, A.V.R., P.A.L., E. Koch, A. Harder, N.P., J.B. and K.S.O. Imputation, quality control and GWAS were conducted by K.S.O., M. Koromina, B.L.M., K.-H.L., X.W. and J.M.K.Y. Heritability and genetic correlation analyses were performed by K.S.O. MiXeR was done by K.S.O. and A. Shadrin. Polygenic association was conducted by T.v.d.V., T.B., B.L.M. and P.A.L. Gene and gene set analyses were done by K.S.O., C.C.M. and A.V.R. Cell-type-specific analyses were performed by F.S.D. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing enrichment was done by A. Harder and J.H.-L. Fine-mapping was conducted by M. Koromina. Rare variant analyses were performed by C. Liao. QTL integrative analyses were done by M. Koromina, T.B. and F.S.D. Enhancer–promoter interactions were analysed by J.B. Credible gene prioritization was performed by K.S.O. and M. Koromina. Temporal clustering was done by N.P. Drug enrichment was conducted by J.R.I.C. and E. Koch. Clinical assessments were performed by A.A., A.C., A.C.-B., A.D.B., A.D.F., A.E.V., A.H.Y., A. Havdahl, A.M., A.M.M., A. Perry, A. Pfennig, A.R., A. Serretti, A.V., B. Carpiniello, B.E., B.S., B.T.B., C.A.M., C. Lavebratt, C. Loughland, C.N.P., C.O., C.S., D.D., D.H., D.J.M., D. J. Smith, D.M., D.Q., E.C.S., E.E.T., E.J.R., E. Kim, E. Sigurdsson, E.S.G., E. Stordal, E.V., E.Z.R., F. Senner, F.S.G., F. Stein, F. Streit, F.T.F., G.B., G.K., G.M., H.A., H.-J.L., H.M., H.V., H.Y.P., I.D.W., I.J., I.M., I.R.G., J.A.R.-Q., J.B.P., J.B.V., J.G.-P., J. Garnham, J. Grove, J.H., J.I.N., J. L. Kalman, J. L. Kennedy, J.L.S., J. Lawrence, J. Lissowska, J.M.P., J.P.R., J.R.D., J.W.S., K.A., K.D., K.G.-S., K.J.O., L.A.J., L.B., L.F., L. Martinsson, L. Sirignano, L.T., L.Z., M.A., M. Bauer, M. Brum, M. Budde, M.C., M.C.O., M.F., M.G., M.G.-S., M.G.M., M.H.R., M. Haraldsson, M. Hautzinger, M.I., M.J.G., M.J.O., M. Kogevinas, M. Landén, M. Lundberg, M. Manchia, M. Mattheisen, M.P.B., M.P.V., M. Rietschel, M. Tesfaye, M.T.P., M. Tesli, N.A.-R., N.B., N.B.-K., N.C., N.D., N.G.M., N.I., O.A.A., O.B.S., O.K.D., O.M., P. B. Mitchell, P. B. Mortensen, P.C., P.F., P.M.C., R.A., R.B., R.S.K., S.A.K., S. Bengeser, S.K.-S., S.L., S.L.M., S.P., T.G.S., T.H., T.H.H., T.K., T.M.K., T.O., T.S., T.W., T.W.W., U.D., U.H., V.M., W.B., W. Maier and W. Myung. Data processing and analyses were performed by A.C., A.D.B., A.F.P., A. Harder, A.J.F., A.M.D., A. Shadrin, A.V.R., A.X.M., B. Coombes, B.L.M., B.M.-M., B.M.B., B.S.W., C.B.P., C. Cruceanu, C.C.M., C. Chatzinakos, C. Liao, C.M.N., C.S.W., C. Terao, C. Toma, D.A., D.M.H., D.W.M., E.A., E.A.S., E.C.B., E.C.C., E. Koch, E.M., E.S.G., F.D., F.J.M., F.S.D., G.A.R., G.B., G.P., G.T., H.-C.C., H. Stefansson, H. Sung, H.-H.W., I.C., J.B., J.C.-D., J.D.M., J.F., J.F.F., J.G.T., J. Grove, J.H.-L., J.K., J.M.B., J.M.F., J.M.K.Y., J.R.I.C., J.S.J., J.T.R.W., K.K., K.-H.L., K.S.O., L.G.S., L.J., L. Milani, L. Sindermann, M.-C.H., M.I., M.J.C., M. Koromina, M. Leber, M.M.N., M. Mattheisen, M. Ribasés, M. Rivera, M.S.A., M.S., M. Tesfaye, N.B.F., N.I., N.M., N.P., N.W.M., O.B.S., O.F., O.K.D., P.A.H., P.A.L., P.A.T., P.D.S., P.F.S., P.H., P.-H.K., P.M., P.P.Z., P.R., Q.S.L., R.J.S., R.M.M., R.Y., S.A., S. Børte, S. Cichon, S.D., S.D.G., S.E.M., S.H., S.H.W., S.J., S.R., S.-J.T., T.A.G., T.B., T.B.B., T.C., T.D.A., T.E.T., T.F.M.A., T.O., T.S., T.v.d.V., T.W., T.W.M., V.E.-P., W. Myung, X.W. and Y.K. Funding was obtained by A.C., A.D.B., A.H.Y., A.M.M., B.E., B.M.N., B.T.B., C.N.P., C. Pantelis, C.S.W., C. Terao, D. J. Stein, D.M., D.S., E.S.G., F.B., F.J.M., G.A.R., G.B., G.P.P., G.T., H.J.E., I.B.H., I.J., I.M., I.N.F., J.A.K., J.B.P., J.B.V., J.I.N., J.M.B., J.M.F., J.R.D., J.W.S., K.H., L.A., L.A.J., L.B., M.A., M. Boehnke, M.C.O., M.F., M.G.-S., M.H.R., M.I., M.J.G., M.J.O., M. Leboyer, M. Landén, M.M.N., M.N., M. Rietschel, M.S., M.T.P., N.C., N.G.M., N.I., O.A.A., O.M., P.A.T., P. B. Mitchell, P. B. Mortensen, P.P.Z., P.R.S., R.A.O., R.J.S., R.M.M., S.E.M., S.J., S.L., T.B.B., T.G.S., T.O., T.S., T.W., T.W.W., W.H.B. and Y.K. Recruitment and genotyping were performed by A.C., A.D.B., A.D.F., A.E.V., A.H.F., A.J.F., A.M.M., A.M., A.R., A. Serretti, A. Squassina, B. Carpiniello, B.-C.L., B.E., B.M.-M., B.M.N., B.T.B., C.A.M., C.B.P., C. Lochner, C.M.N., C.M.O., C.N.P., C. Pantelis, C. Pisanu, C.S.W., D.C.W., D.D., D.J.K., E.A., E.S.G., E. Stordal, E.V., E.Z.R., F.A.H., F.B., F.J.M., F.M., F.S.G., F. Stein, G.A.R., G.B., G.D.H., G.M., G.P.P., G.T., H.J.E., H. Stefansson, H.-H.W., I.B.H., I.D.W., I.J., J.A.R.-Q., J.B.V., J.H., J.H.K., J.H.-L., J.I.N., J.J.L., J. Lissowska, J.M.B., J.M.F., J.M.P., J.R.D., J.R.K., J.-W.K., J.W.S., J.-A.Z., K.H., K.J.O., K.S., L.A., L.A.J., L.J.S., L. Milani, L.T., M.A., M. Aslan, M.C.O., M.F., M.G., M.G.-S., M.I., M.J.C., M.J.G., M.J.O., M. Leboyer, M. Landén, M.M.N., M. Manchia, M.N., M. Ribasés, M. Rietschel, M.S., M.T.P., N.C., N.G.M., N.I., O.A.A., O.M., P.A.L., P. B. Mitchell, P. B. Mortensen, P.D.H., P.F., P.-H.K., P.R., P.R.S., Q.S.L., R.A., R.A.O., R.S.K., S.A.P., S. Bengesser, S. Cichon, S. Catts, S.E.M., S.L.M., S.R., T.G.S., T.H., T.K., T.S., T.W., T.W.W., U.D., U.S., V.J.C., W.H.B., W. Myung and Y.K.L. Numerous authors beyond the initial writing group contributed to data interpretation and provided edits, comments and suggestions to the paper. All authors reviewed the manuscript critically for important intellectual content and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication. The Chair of the PGC is P.F.S. The Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the PGC is led by O.A.A.

Bipolar disorder is a complex mental health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. While the exact causes of bipolar disorder are still not fully understood, recent advancements in genomics have provided valuable insights into the biological and phenotypic aspects of this disorder.

Genomics, the study of an organism’s complete set of DNA, has allowed researchers to identify genetic variations that may play a role in the development of bipolar disorder. By analyzing the genomes of individuals with bipolar disorder, scientists have been able to pinpoint specific genes and genetic pathways that are associated with the disorder.

One of the key findings from genomic studies of bipolar disorder is the involvement of genes related to neurotransmitter signaling, synaptic function, and circadian rhythms. These genes are known to play a crucial role in regulating mood, behavior, and sleep patterns, all of which are disrupted in individuals with bipolar disorder.

In addition to identifying genetic factors, genomics has also shed light on the phenotypic aspects of bipolar disorder. By studying the patterns of gene expression and protein activity in individuals with bipolar disorder, researchers have been able to uncover the underlying biological mechanisms that contribute to the disorder’s symptoms.

Furthermore, genomics has enabled the development of personalized treatment approaches for individuals with bipolar disorder. By identifying genetic variations that may influence a person’s response to medications, doctors can tailor treatment plans to better suit each individual’s unique genetic makeup.

Overall, genomics has significantly advanced our understanding of bipolar disorder, providing valuable insights into its biological and phenotypic underpinnings. By continuing to study the genetic basis of bipolar disorder, researchers hope to uncover new therapeutic targets and improve treatment outcomes for individuals with this challenging condition.

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